Case Study Literature Methods Yin 2003
From COST Action FP0804: FORSYS
Sean Gordon's notes from this textbook:
Yin, R.K. 2003. Case study research : design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Contents
Foreword
- the core of the scientific method is not experimentation per se but rather the strategy "plausible rival hypotheses."
Introduction
- types of case studies: exploratory, descriptive, explanatory
- how and why questions are more explanatory and likely to lead to the use of case studies
- deal with operational links needing to be traced over time, rather than mere frequencies or incidents
- research questions have both substance (what is my study about?) and form (am I asking a who, what, where, etc. question)
- how or why questions being asked about the contemporary sets of events, over which the investigator has little or no control
- traditional prejudices
- lack of rigor, generalization (but generalizable to theoretical propositions like experiments, not to populations or universes); analytic generalization not statistical generalization
- investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident
- many more variables of interest than data points
- relies on multiple sources of evidence, triangulation
- benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis
- in the evaluation research: explain, describe, illustrate, explore, meta evaluation
Designing Case Studies
- study design: a logical model of proof
- components: study questions, propositions (theories), units of analysis, logic linking the data to the propositions, criteria for interpreting findings
- descriptive theories 29
- criteria for quality
- sound operational procedure (construct validity), proof of causal relations (internal), replicability (reliability), and generalization possible (external validity).
- ..\..\Research\Prelims\Gordon prelim - Bliss questions.doc
- case study designs
- single: critical, unique, representative, revelatory, longitudinal
- holistic versus embedded
- multiple: literal versus theoretical replication; replication backed sampling logic, feedback can alter sampling (but be clear about reasons)
Conducting case studies: preparing for data collection
- case study research is among the hardest types of research to do because of the absence of routine formulas
- researcher training and case study protocol especially important if multiple researchers or case studies involved
- skills: ask good questions, good listener, adaptive, understand issues, unbiased
- read between the lines
- immediate interpretation
- knowledge needs: why the study is being done, what evidence is being sought, what variations are anticipated (and how to accommodate), what constitutes supportive and contrary evidence
- protocol outline
- purpose, theory and background
- data collection procedures
- outline of the case study report
- case study questions (interviewees, individual case, pattern across cases, entire study, recommendations and conclusions) and sources of evidence
- case screening: ask key informants, avoid complex screening
- pilot case study
Conducting case studies: collecting the evidence
- six sources: documents, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant observation, physical artifacts
- principles:
- using multiple sources of evidence (triangulation: did I sources, investigators, theories, methods of),
- creating a case study database: Notes documents and interviews
- maintaining a chain of evidence: report -- database -- protocol -- questions
- interviews: open, focused, survey; recording
Analyzing Case Study Evidence
Miles & Huberman (1994)
- putting information into different arrays
- making a matrix of categories and placing the evidence within such categories
- creating data displays -- flowcharts and other graphics
- tabulating the frequency of different events
- examining the complexity of such tabulations and their relationships by calculating second-quarter numbers such as means and variances
- putting information in chronological order
Three General Strategies
- relying on theoretical propositions
- thinking about rival explanations (with or without an initial theory)
- nine types of rivals
- developing a case description (descriptive research)
Specific Analytic Techniques
- pattern matching (internal validity)
- non-equivalent dependent variables as a pattern
- rival explanations as patterns (pattern of independent variables that is mutually exclusive)
- explanation building (special type of pattern matching, more difficult)
- presumed set of causal links
- iterative nature
- time series analysis
- logic models
- pattern matching with sequential stages
- individual, organizational, or program level
- Cross case synthesis
Pressing for a high-quality analysis
- show that you attended to all the evidence
- address all major rival interpretations
- address the most significant aspect of your case study
- use your own prior, expert knowledge
Reporting case studies
- compositional structures: linear-analytic, comparative, chronological, theory-building, suspense, unsequenced
- targeting audience: academic, nonspecialists, funders
- formats: single case, multiple case (Cross case analysis), question-answer, Cross case analysis
- integration with other methods
- anonymity
- review and validation (participants)
- exemplary case studies: significance, completeness, consideration of alternative perspectives, sufficient evidence, engaging composition