Spectrum
General System description
System name: Spectrum
Brief overview
Spectrum is a linear programming based model designed to schedule management treatments to achieve ecosystem management and financial, or other goals. Model formulation is flexible, allowing representation of simple and complex environmental interactions. In a Spectrum model a user constructs a representation of natural processes and possible management actions and on a landscape. They also construct a representation of decision criteria in the form of management objectives and physical constraints.
Contents
Scope of the system
- tool encourages decision maker to discover new problems or opportunities by exposing to new information or results
- tool helps decision makers in recognizing upcoming problems for which solutions have been developed previously
- tool allows decision maker to actively create new knowledge when faced with a new problem and to develop novel solutions
- tool allows decision maker to capture knowledge, making it available to decision makers who are seeking solutions from previously solved problems
System origin
Spectrum is based on the FORPLAN system developed by Dr. K. Norman Johnson and colleagues at Utah State and Colorado State Universities, and the members of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) WO-LMP Systems Application Unit (now EMC-PAG) in Fort Collins, Colorado. FORPLAN Version 1 was developed in 1980, followed by FORPLAN Version 2 in 1983. FORPLAN became the "required primary analysis tool" for the development of National Forest land management plans by the USFS.
In 1991 the USFS Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, in cooperation with the USFS Ecosystem Management Analysis Center, moved the current UNISYS mainframe release of FORPLAN to the microcomputing environment and discontinued development efforts for the mainframe environment. These two groups collaborated in the development of Spectrum. Spectrum was designed to have a graphical user interface; execute on PCs; retain FORPLAN analytical capabilities with expanded modeling options and size limits; and provide new analytical capability to address ecosystem management issues.
The Spectrum system is available for no charge to the public. It does require the use of a commercial LP solver software, and uses the MPSIII system from Ketron Optimization.
Support for specific issues
Is the system designed to take into account specific uses? E.g. guidance on ways to characterize biodiversity, economic-biodiversity tradeoff analysis methods, risk assessment methods, landscape analysis methods, timber harvest effects, climate change effects, biological effects (pests, pathogens, invasives), fire,...
Support for specific thematic areas of a problem type
- Silvicultural
- Certification
- Conservation
- Restoration
- Transportation
- Development choices / land use zoning
- Policy/intervention alternatives
- Sustainability impact assessment (SIA)
Capability to support decision making phases
(NOTE I do not quite know what to do with this, as I do not understand it myself, although it seems related to system use)
(Click here to see a more detailed explanation)
- Intelligence (+ explicit description of the support given by the DSS)
- Design (+ explicit description of the support given by the DSS)
- Choice (+ explicit description of the support given by the DSS)
- Monitor (+ explicit description of the support given by the DSS)
Related systems
Describe (and/or link to) other systems related
Data and data models
Typical spatial extent of application
Define the scale of use for the application (user defined, regional, multi-owner forest single ownership forest, Multiple scale interaction)
Forest data input
Describe the basic forest input (forest level, stand level, or individual tree level), and appropriate meta-data, such as data provenance (Areal coverage, Sample of plots, stands, Contiguous forest cover). GIS information is to be considered here, namely include cover tyes and type of information (raster or vectorial, necessity of topological information) If necessary describe surrogate sources of information
If necessary describe other types of required data (economic, social)
Type of information input from user (via GUI)
Describe what is the information that the user directly inputs in the system if any): expert knowledge, opinion, goals and production objectives, preferences, stand/site information....
Models
Forest models
Growth, Yield, Carbon, Wood quality, biodiversity and habitat suitability, environmental and external effects (fire, storms, pests, diseases, climate change, etc)
Social models
historical and cultural values of sites, values due to peace and quiet, esthetic values, values due to recreational activities, ethical values): E. g. Recreation, Health, Game
Decision Support
Definition of management interventions
Define what is available for the manager to intervene in the forest: time of harvest, plantations, thinnings, reconversions... Existence of prescription writer, simple enumeration of all possibilities, scenario simulation , etc.
Typical temporal scale of application
Define the temporal scale of the application: E.g., operational and immediate level, Tactical planning (short term) and strategic level.
Types of decisions supported
- Management level
- strategic decisions
- administrative decisions
- operating control decisions
- Management function
- planning decisions
- organizing decisions
- command decisions
- control decisions
- coordination decisions
- decision making situation
- unilateral
- collegial
- Bargaining / participative decision making
Decision-making processes and models
- Logic modeling
- Operations research modeling
- Direct approaches
- Heuristic manipulation of simulation models
- Business modeling
- Simulation (with and without stochasticity)
- Multiple criteria/ranking
- Other
Output
Types of outputs
Types of outputs produced (tables, maps, 3-D visualizations, pre-programmed summaries, etc)
Spatial analysis capabilities
- integrated capabilities
- facilitates links to GIS (wizards, etc.)
- provides standard data import/export formats
- allows spatial analysis (e.g. topology overlays (e.g. multi layering of different maps, selection of objects based on selection criteria, aggregation by attributes (e.g. areas of similar characteristics), Linking by logical means, Statistics by area, analysis with digital terrain model)
Abilities to address interdisciplinary, multi-scaled, and political issues
Evaluate interactions between different basic information types (biophysical, economic, social). Produce coordinated results for decision makers operating at different spatial scales facilitate social negotiation and learning
System
System requirements
Spectrum requires the following operating system and support software:
- Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP (untested on Windows Vista, Windows 7)
- C-Whiz linear programming solver by Ketron for solving models,
- Adobe Acrobat Reader, V6.x or greater for viewing help files,
- Text file viewing software such as Notepad or Wordpad
Spectrum continues to be maintained by the U.S. Forest Service
Architecture and major DSS components
Describe the basic architecture of the system in software and hardware. Desktop client-server, web based, as well as the integration with available systems. Basic data flow, focusing on retrieval of required input and propagation and implementations of decisions. Mention its modular and scalability capabilities.
Usage
Describe the level of use: Research level use, Industry use, Government use
Computational limitations
- The planning horizon can be up to 90 periods of any length.
- There are no limits to the number of analysis units that can be represented.
- There are a small number of model parameters that have limits - see the user guide for details.
User interface
Describe the quality of user interface and the Prerequisite knowledge for using the system
Documentation and support
Spectrum has a full electronic user guide in .PDF format. The user interface has context sensitive links to that user guide. The USFS Planning Analysis Group in Fort Collins, Colorado, provides user support for Spectrum to USDA Forest Service employees. Others can use the contacts below to inquire about support options:
- Mail can be addressed to:
- Planning Analysis Group
- USDA Forest Service
- 2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. A
- Fort Collins, CO. 80526
- Attn: Spectrum
- E-Mail can be addressed to: bmeneghin@fs.fed.us
Installation
- Prerequisite knowledge: Level of effort to become functional
- Cost: (purchase price, development costs, demonstrated return on investment, cost of use, training costs, licence and maintenance costs)
- Demo: allows the download/utilization of a trial version. If yes, where is it available and what are the trial conditions.
References
Cited references
