Difference between revisions of "Participatory processes"

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== What is public participation? ==
 
== What is public participation? ==
  
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Public participation means that citizens are involved in the environmental or natural resource decision-making that has an effect on them. Public participation is also seen as part of sustainable development, and it may enhance social learning. It can be assumed that the final decisions are made with more competence, when local knowledge is included and expert knowledge is scrutinized by the public (Webler et al. 1995). Furthermore, the legitimacy of the final decision may be better, when the different stakeholders are involved in the decision making.  
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Public participation means that citizens are involved in the environmental or natural resource decision-making that has an effect on them. Public participation is also seen as part of sustainable development, and it may enhance social learning. It can be assumed that the final decisions are made with more competence, when local knowledge is included and expert knowledge is scrutinized by the public (Webler et al. 1995). Furthermore, the legitimacy of the final decision may be better, when the different stakeholders are involved in the decision making.
  
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== The phases of public participation ==
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=== The reasons for participation ===
  
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Each public participation case may include slightly different phases, and each phase may include one or more tasks.
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In relation to forestry, ILO (2000) has identified seven purposes:
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The general phases are
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1. '''Defining the problem'''
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1. Increase awareness of forestry issues and mutual recognition of interests
  
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2. '''Exploring options'''
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2. Gather information and enhance knowledge on forests and their use
  
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3. '''Evaluating options'''
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3. Improve provision of multiple forest goods and services
  
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4. '''Monitoring & evaluation of the process'''
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4. Stimulate involvement in decision-making and/or implementation process
  
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5. '''Monitoring and evaluation of the outcome'''
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5. Enhance acceptance of forest policies, plans and operations
  
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The tasks involved in the first phase are
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6. Increase transparency and accountability of decision making
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* Identification of stakeholders
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* Knowledge gathering and sharing (meaning e.g. that the DSS includes some participative GIS/KM tools for gathering local or expert knowledge and sharing it with other stakeholders)
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*Formulating criteria (meaning e.g. cognitive mapping tools that can be used to clarify the goals the stakeholders have)
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4. Definition of criteria (meaning e.g. that the DSS includes other than timber production related criteria or that such criteria can be included by the user)
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5. Eliciting preferences (meaning e.g. that the DSS includes MCA tools)
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7. Identify and manage conflicts and problems together, in a fair and equitable way.
  
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=== The levels of participation ===
  
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[[Participatory planning case template]].
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Germain et al. (2001) divide the process to six levels:
  
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== The methods, models and tools ==
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1. Informing
  
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In each phase, different kinds of tools are available.
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2. Manipulation
  
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=== Organization ===
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3. Consultation
  
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The tools used for organizing the process include, for instance,
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4. Collaborative decision making
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* citizen jurys
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* IT based tools
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* public meetings
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* working groups
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=== Intelligence ===
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5. Delegated power
  
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The tools used for collecting the intelligence concerning public preferences include, for instance,
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6. Total control of participants
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* surveys
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* interviews
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* cognitive mapping
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=== Design ===
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=== Organization of participation ===
  
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The tools used for designing the alternatives include, for instance,  
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The participation can be organized in many ways. In case of active participation, the stakeholders may work in working groups or citizen juries, for instance. This sort of organization is suitable for the last three levels of participation. When the participation is less active, the opinions of the stakeholders may be elicited through interviews, surveys, questionnaires and public meetings. These methods are suitable especially for the consultation level.
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* brainstorming
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* group work
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* problem structuring methods
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* forest simulator and optimization tools
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=== Choice ===
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=== The success of public participation process ===
  
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The tools used for selecting the best option include, for instance,
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The success of the participation process may depend both on the outcome of the process and the process itself.
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* optimization tools
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* multi-criteria decision support tools
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* voting methods
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* bargaining methods
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=== Monitoring ===
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In several studies, lists of [[success criteria]] have been defined.
  
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== The success of public participation process ==
 
  
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The success of the participation process may depend both on the outcome of the process and the process itself.
 
  
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In several studies, lists of [[success criteria]] have been defined
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== The phases of public participation ==
  
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Each public participation case may include slightly different phases, and each phase may include one or more tasks ( see also [[Participatory planning case template]]).
 +
 +
In each phase, and for each of the tasks, many different tools may be available(e.g. Lynam et al. 2007). Some of the tools are generic, so that they can be used in many fields, not just forestry. Some of the tools may be forestry specific, for example the growth and yield models of different tree species. Many forest DSS include tools for many different tasks, and they may also be combined with the more generic tools. However, for achieving success the way the tools are used may be as important as the tools themselves (DeMeo et al. forthcoming)
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'''[[1. Defining the problem]]'''
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'''[[2. Exploring options]]'''
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'''[[3. Evaluating options]]'''
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'''[[4. Monitoring and evaluation of the process]]'''
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'''[[5. Monitoring and evaluation of the outcome]]'''
  
 
==[[:Category:Cases of participatory planning in forestry|List of Cases of participatory planning in forestry]]==
 
==[[:Category:Cases of participatory planning in forestry|List of Cases of participatory planning in forestry]]==
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
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De Meo, I, Ferretti, F., Hujala, T. & Kangas, A. FORSYS: The usefulness of Decision Support Systems in participatory forest planning: a comparison between Finland and Italy. To appear in Forest Systems.
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Germain, R.H., Floyd, D.W. and Stehman, S.V. 2001. Public perceptions of the USDA Forest Service public participation process. Forest Policy and Economics 3: 113-124.
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International Labour Office 2000. Public participation in forestry in Europe and North America. Report of the FAO/ECE/ILO Joint Committee Team of Specialists on participation in Forestry. International Labour Office, Geneva.
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Lynam, T., de Jong, W., Sheil, D., Kusumanto, T. and Evans, K. 2007. A Review of Tools for Incorporating Community Knowledge, Preferences, and Values into Decision Making in Natural Resources Management.Ecology and Society 12(1): 5 [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art5/]
  
 
Webler, T., Kastenholz, H. & Renn, O. 1995. Public participation in impact assessment: a social learning perspective. Environmental Impact assessment Review 15:443-463.
 
Webler, T., Kastenholz, H. & Renn, O. 1995. Public participation in impact assessment: a social learning perspective. Environmental Impact assessment Review 15:443-463.

Latest revision as of 15:54, 17 January 2013

What is public participation?

Public participation means that citizens are involved in the environmental or natural resource decision-making that has an effect on them. Public participation is also seen as part of sustainable development, and it may enhance social learning. It can be assumed that the final decisions are made with more competence, when local knowledge is included and expert knowledge is scrutinized by the public (Webler et al. 1995). Furthermore, the legitimacy of the final decision may be better, when the different stakeholders are involved in the decision making.

The reasons for participation

In relation to forestry, ILO (2000) has identified seven purposes:

1. Increase awareness of forestry issues and mutual recognition of interests

2. Gather information and enhance knowledge on forests and their use

3. Improve provision of multiple forest goods and services

4. Stimulate involvement in decision-making and/or implementation process

5. Enhance acceptance of forest policies, plans and operations

6. Increase transparency and accountability of decision making

7. Identify and manage conflicts and problems together, in a fair and equitable way.

The levels of participation

Germain et al. (2001) divide the process to six levels:

1. Informing

2. Manipulation

3. Consultation

4. Collaborative decision making

5. Delegated power

6. Total control of participants

Organization of participation

The participation can be organized in many ways. In case of active participation, the stakeholders may work in working groups or citizen juries, for instance. This sort of organization is suitable for the last three levels of participation. When the participation is less active, the opinions of the stakeholders may be elicited through interviews, surveys, questionnaires and public meetings. These methods are suitable especially for the consultation level.

The success of public participation process

The success of the participation process may depend both on the outcome of the process and the process itself.

In several studies, lists of success criteria have been defined.


The phases of public participation

Each public participation case may include slightly different phases, and each phase may include one or more tasks ( see also Participatory planning case template).

In each phase, and for each of the tasks, many different tools may be available(e.g. Lynam et al. 2007). Some of the tools are generic, so that they can be used in many fields, not just forestry. Some of the tools may be forestry specific, for example the growth and yield models of different tree species. Many forest DSS include tools for many different tasks, and they may also be combined with the more generic tools. However, for achieving success the way the tools are used may be as important as the tools themselves (DeMeo et al. forthcoming)

1. Defining the problem

2. Exploring options

3. Evaluating options

4. Monitoring and evaluation of the process

5. Monitoring and evaluation of the outcome

List of Cases of participatory planning in forestry

References

De Meo, I, Ferretti, F., Hujala, T. & Kangas, A. FORSYS: The usefulness of Decision Support Systems in participatory forest planning: a comparison between Finland and Italy. To appear in Forest Systems.

Germain, R.H., Floyd, D.W. and Stehman, S.V. 2001. Public perceptions of the USDA Forest Service public participation process. Forest Policy and Economics 3: 113-124.

International Labour Office 2000. Public participation in forestry in Europe and North America. Report of the FAO/ECE/ILO Joint Committee Team of Specialists on participation in Forestry. International Labour Office, Geneva.

Lynam, T., de Jong, W., Sheil, D., Kusumanto, T. and Evans, K. 2007. A Review of Tools for Incorporating Community Knowledge, Preferences, and Values into Decision Making in Natural Resources Management.Ecology and Society 12(1): 5 [1]

Webler, T., Kastenholz, H. & Renn, O. 1995. Public participation in impact assessment: a social learning perspective. Environmental Impact assessment Review 15:443-463.

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